Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 99. Chapters: Noam Chomsky, Naomi Klein, Israel Shahak, Isaac Deutscher, Walther Rathenau, Norman Finkelstein, Joel Kovel, Fred Newman, Gilad Atzmon, Marek Edelman, Ilan Pappé, Naeim Giladi, Isaac Isaacs, Jacob Israël de Haan, Shlomo Sand, Michael Neumann, Leslie Cagan, David Rovics, Tony Cliff, Ernest Mandel, Maxime Rodinson, Nina Hartley, Ronnie Kasrils, Hedy Epstein, Uri Davis, The Shondes, Adam Shapiro, Franz Rosenzweig, Clara Fraser, Joe Slovo, David Philipson, Alfred Lilienthal, Elmer Berger, Tanya Reinhart, Jacob Panken, Anna Baltzer, Aki Orr, Isaac Steinberg, Marc H. Ellis, Henri Curiel, Steven Rose, Daniel Boyarin, Jennifer Loewenstein, Daniel Bensaïd, Abraham Serfaty, Philip Weiss, Ehud Adiv, Moshé Machover, Isaac Breuer, Joe Flexer, Jewish Anti-Zionist League, Lenni Brenner, Shimon Tzabar, David Lindo Alexander, Jacqueline Rose, Pierre Lambert, Georges Adda, Michel Warschawski, Mike Marqusee, Yakov M. Rabkin, Louis Fles, Erich Fried, Antony Loewenstein, Lessing J. Rosenwald, Jews Against Zionism, Ilan Halevi, Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten, Folksgrupe, Siegfried Kapper, Abraham Leon, Moshe Menuhin, David Dragunsky, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, John Rose. Excerpt: Avram Noam Chomsky ( ; born December 7, 1928), known simply as Noam Chomsky, is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and social activist. He is an Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Chomsky is well known in the academic and scientific community as one of the fathers of modern linguistics, and a major figure of analytic philosophy. Since the 1960s, he has become known more widely as a political dissident and an anarchist, referring to himself as a libertarian socialist. Chomsky is the author of more than 150 books and has received worldwide attention for his views. In the 1950s, Chomsky began developing his theory of generative grammar, which has undergone numerous revisions and has had a profound influence on linguistics. His approach to the study of language emphasizes "an innate set of linguistic principles shared by all humans" known as universal grammar, "the initial state of the language learner," and discovering an "account for linguistic variation via the most general possible mechanisms." He elaborated on these ideas in 1957's Syntactic Structures, which then laid the groundwork for the concept of transformational grammar. He also established the Chomsky hierarchy, a classification of formal languages in terms of their generative power. In 1959, Chomsky published a widely influential review of B. F. Skinner's theoretical book Verbal Behavior. In this review and other writings, Chomsky broadly and aggressively challenged the behaviorist approaches to studies of behavior and language dominant at the time, and contributed to the cognitive revolution in psychology. His naturalistic approach to the study of language has influenced the philosophy of language and mind. Beginning with his opposition to the Vietnam War, first articulated in his 1967 essay "The Responsibility of Intellectuals" and later extended in his American Power and the New Mandarins (1969), Chomsky establishe