Readers will gain a deeper understanding of the sharp divergence in economic standing between the four different regions of Europe, as well as knowledge about how institutional corruption and other cultural features exacerbated these variations. "This is a book to read for anyone who wants to understand the reason of regional differences, their historical reasons, and recent social-political consequences of the conflicts within Europe and including the crisis of the European Union." - László Valki, Professor of International Law, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest "This comparative study is the successful and stimulating culmination of Professor Berend's prolonged work on and contribution to our understanding of the forces that explain Europe's recent past and economic experience. It will feed into and stimulate the vital debate about the idea and experience of 'Europe.'" - Barry Supple, Emeritus Professor of Economic History, University of Cambridge.