Petroleum science deals with the study and production of crude oil as well as its refinement to a usable form. It is an interdisciplinary field that combines the principles of engineering, geology and mineralogy to facilitate the exploration, analysis, drilling and refining of petroleum. A lot of technological advancements in reservoir simulation, formation evaluation, well engineering, etc. have revolutionized the field of petroleum science. The ecological impact of petroleum has become a concern in the past decades and research is being undertaken to develop and adopt practices to mitigate the effects. This book elucidates the most relevant concepts and innovations that have occurred in this field in recent years. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. It will be beneficial to engineers, geologists and petroleum engineers as well as researchers and students involved in this field of study.